1. Beginning, Make-up, and Molecular Design
1.1 All-natural Source and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based lathering representatives are obtained largely from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse spin-offs such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
With regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these structural healthy proteins are broken down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which have both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) practical teams.
This dual affinity makes it possible for the particles to adsorb effectively at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical aeration, minimizing surface area tension and stabilizing bubble formation– an essential demand for producing uniform mobile concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, animal healthy protein foaming agents are eco-friendly, safe, and exhibit exceptional compatibility with Portland concrete systems due to their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– usually between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly affects foam stability, water drainage price, and bubble size, making procedure control during hydrolysis crucial for constant efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When watered down with water (typically at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced right into a foam generator, the protein remedy develops a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This film resists coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of larger bubbles at the cost of smaller ones– by developing a mechanically robust interfacial layer reinforced via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam exhibits high growth ratios (typically 15– 25:1) and low drain prices (
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